Beauty and Body Image in the Media Essays

Beauty and Body Image in the Media Essays Beauty and Body Image in the Media Essay Beauty and Body Image in the Media Essay Review Of Literature Beauty and Body Image in the Media ( Men ) Review – 1 From the , Journal of Marketing Communication Vol. 11. No. 1. 3-19. March 2005 Idealized images of the male body in advertising: a reader-response exploration BY- RICHARD ELLIOTT CHRISTINE ELLIOTT Warwick Business School. University of Warwick, Coventry. UK. Harris Manchester College University of Oxford. Oxford. UK Introduction : This is a study which particularly focuses on how men are being portrayed in advertisements This study has used an interpretative methodology for exploring mens reactions to the representation of male bodies in advertising, particularly when men are portrayed in a sexual or naked pose and complimented past studies by investigating whether or not men felt that they were being objectified or exploited in advertising in the same manner as critical and feminist literature has suggested in relation to women. The extent to which men felt that the representation of idealized male images in advertising had an adverse effect on their self-image and self-esteem is discussed. Emergent interpretive themes include homophobia, gender stereotyping and the legitimization of the exploitation and use of sexuality in marketing. This study set out to explore the extent to which men may be similarly negatively affected by idealized representation of male bodies and the ways in which they negotiate the meaning of representations and their coping strategies for any emotional disturbance. Representations of the Male Body in Advertising : The researchers have focused on how men are portrayed in advertisements , and they have collected responses from many other researchers . All these researchers have commonly said that , men have become more preoccupied with muscularity because it is still perceived as a cultural symbol of masculinity. Men are developing an Adonis complex and eating disorders after being overexposed to idealized and unattainable male bodies in advertising. Since the I980’s mens bodies have appeared more frequently in advertising, offering a similarly idealized body to that presented to women. An increasing number of advertisements are showing men as sex objects . These researchers have conducted many studies which showed how are men are portrayed in the advertisements . Kolbe and Albanese a researcher has conducted a content analysis of sole male images in mens magazines and found that the majority of the bodies in advertising were not ordinary, but those of strong and hard male icons . His study says that men were usually represented in an objectified and depersonalized manner in advertising. Pope et al another undertook a study of male body obsession and found that advertisements for everything from cars to underwear were using body-builder images with washboard abdominal muscles, massive chests. nd inflated shoulder’s. a combination of muscularity and leanness probably achievable only by drugs. A study by Patterson another researcher also identified a relatively uniform depiction of male bodies within lifestyle magazines, where the audience was routinely presented with mesomorphic (strong, muscular and hard) male bodies that were hyper-masculine in their iconography. The depiction of ectomorphs (thin and lightly muscled) was limited mainly to the advertising of clothing where products may look more attractive on the slimmer, taller man. Endomorphs (soft and round) were rarely used and, where they were, tended to be the object of humour. Moreover, Patterson and England (2000) indicated that representations of male bodies were often used irrespective of whether they were relevant to the product category being advertised. Mens Responses to Representations of the Male Body : Researchers Kimmel and Tissier-Desbordes had conducted a study with 30 French men in order to determine whether brands and consumption played an important part in their lives. The study has suggested that men were uncomfortable with products that presented men as feminine. Their study explored mens relations to products and masculinity in general, but was not related to body image and provided only limited insight into mens reactions to advertisements. To date then, very little is known about how men react emotionally to the portrayal of male bodies in advertising. There is a suggestion that some of the men in the study by Researchers Kimmel and Tissier-Desbordes demonstrated a fear of admitting a feminine side to their self-image . Methodology of the research : In order to do a study of portrayal of men in advertising these researches have done this research with Two main research questions 1. How do young men respond to the representation of male bodies in advertising, particularly when men are portrayed in a sexual or naked pose? 2. How do young men negotiate the sexual meaning of advertising images in a social setting? setting? One-one interview They researchers had conducted this one to one interview because, they have said that the one-to-one in terviews would allow trust to be established and allow the exploration of underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes and feelings . The researches had conducted twelve in-depth interviews, which ranged from 40 minutes to 2 hours in length. The ages of the respondents varied from 18 to 31 years, with the majority of respondents being in their early twenties. The interviews were audio-laped and transcribed for analysis. The researches had also collected 25 advertisements from major mens lifestyle magazines five advertisements were chosen as stimulus material so as to allow the examination of responses to different advertisements and different body types. Focus groups The focus groups were used for studying whether the male respondents would alter their responses to the advertisements when in a peer group environment. The number of participants in the focus groups varied from five to eight men with the same age spread as in the individual interviews. Conclusion: This study was based on men’s portrayal in advertisement . Many researchers have given their views in this regard which gives a much detailed informa tion of how men are portrayed in the advertisements.

Top 500 Polluting Companies

Top 500 Polluting Companies Carbon tax hit list: Naming Australias biggest polluters The top 500 polluting companies are classified according to their annual CO2 emissions. The emission could occur at the company’s site or through secondary power and energy use. The companies included, in the list all produce over 25,000 tonnes of emissions in a year from a single site.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top 500 Polluting Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also a different in the kind of emissions given by the companies. House emissions that result from the industrial processes within the site are known as scope 1. Scope 2 emissions originate from the site but come from the energy sources outside the site. The largest pollutants are energy generation companies. Seven companies within the energy industry fill the top ten positions. Collectively, they emit about 125,400,000 tonnes of scope one emission compared to the 342,841 ,000 tonnes from 299 companies. Since the emission tax, only covers the exceeding limit for a single site, not all companies joining the top 500 list of polluters will pay carbon tax. Fifty-eight companies out of the 299 have scope one emissions of less than 25,000 tonnes a year. Furthermore, the list conclusive list has 500 companies that emit the highest amount of CO2 to the atmosphere; however, carbon tax payment would only affect those that exceed the required threshold. Currently, companies in landfill and waste disposal industries escape the tax payment because they do not their scope one emissions in a single site. Companies affected by the carbon tax, whose market is domestic, like in the energy sector, will increase their fees and prices to alleviate the tax effects. Mining Sector Miners say carbon tax undermines Australias competitiveness Stakeholders and companies in the mining industry of Australia are not happy with the government’s decision to impose a 23-dollar tax on the country’s 500 largest polluters. The government proposed to raise the tax by 2.5 per cent a year, for three years. Miners say that the taxation costs would put them at an international disadvantage. They cite the fact that their trading competitors in other countries do not face the same taxes. The country needs to keep its resource sector strong. According to the mining industry, if the federal government keeps its word on the tax proposals, it would be demonstrating its inability to understand what drives the Australian economy.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They cite the global financial crisis as an example of how the mining and resource industry helped the country avoid the serious economic downturn. The carbon tax would weaken the industry and ultimately put the competitiveness of the economy in jeopardy. The mining industry would respo nd to the tax measures by cutting production. This would be a cost-saving measure, as well as a compliance measure. The effect of a diminishing production would be the loss of jobs and economies of scale benefits for the miners. Early closure of mines will lead to about 13,000 job losses. Gassy mines forecast about 18 billion Australian dollar costs attributed to the carbon tax. However, the government is only providing 1.26 billion Australian dollars to offset this cost. The carbon tax will also affect the energy industry, and mining companies expect their diesel costs to rise by around 16 per cent. Unfortunately, due to the competitive nature of the global market; the companies would be unable to transfer the fuel cost to consumers. The mining industry further claims that the carbon tax and fuel rebate reduction are essentially a double taxation for the sector. The closure of Australian coalmines in Australia leads to a loss of its global market share to other producing countries like South African and Indonesia. The tax hurts the export competing sectors like mining. The mining industry wants a scheme that protects trade-exposed industries. The scheme should ensure that the price, paid by the sector should be equivalent to the price paid by its competitors globally. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top 500 Polluting Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Anglo American Metallurgical Coal Anglo American is the second biggest coal mining company in Australia. The company owns eight mines in the country. They are located in Moranbah North, Callide, Capcoal, Dawson, and Foxleigh in Australia. Anglo American exports the mined coal through Gladstone Port Corporation and Port Waratah Coal Services. It sells around 26 million tonnes to steelmakers and electricity producers globally. According to the top 500, most polluters list, the company emits 4,059,269 tonnes of scope 1 C02 annually. The co mpany has engaged itself in various measures to reduce carbon emissions. It reports that it has collaborated with Energy Developments Limited in the Waste Coal Mine Gas Power Station, which will reduce the harmful effects of CO2 by about 1.3 million tonnes. The company is committed to reducing greenhouse emissions in Australia and by channelling waste coal into electricity. BHB Billiton Limited BHB Bulliton Limited is the biggest coal mining company in Australia by volume. It mines 58 million tonnes of coal annually. It has coalmines in Mount Arthur Coal, Muswellbrook and Hunter Valley. The top 500 polluters lists of 2011 indicated that BHP Bulliton emits 5,150,942 tonnes of scope one CO2 annually. Not For Profit Organizations Charities Disability sector hit by Carbon Tax Not for profit, organizations oppose the carbon tax because of its apparent influence on the incomes of most Australians. Charitable organization says that the carbon tax will cost them dearly by reducing their a vailable funds. The Salvation Army said that it would lose close to 3.5 billion Australian dollars, which had a direct impact on the service rendered to about 300,000 people. The organizations in this sector will not receive some compensation. Therefore, they will have to finance the increase in energy costs from their donation earnings. Power and food costs are estimated to rise by 10 per cent. Electricity charges will increase by 40 per cent in six years and charities like Salvos and Catholic Social Services will barely manage keep savings or increase their operations.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The not for profit organizations feel neglected by the government in its move to implement the carbon tax regime. Disability employment provides will be unable to unveil themselves for the implemented schemes of mitigating the tax impact. Voluntary organization will also face a tough time and either raise more funds or cut their services. The organizations such as local scouts groups will have to increase their fees to avoid being shut down by the escalating costs. Greenpeace Greenpeace Australia Pacific is an organization that advocates for clean environments, free from pollution. The organization holds public demonstrations to champion its causes. Recently it placed a huge carbon pollution tax bill on the front of BHB Bulliton headquarters. The symbolic exercise was done as a way of raising awareness of the greenhouse emissions of the company. The Salvation Army The Salvation Army started its operation in Australia 125 years ago. It manages funds on behalf of the disadvantaged people in the society. It keeps a commitment of giving 80 cents for every dollar of donation that it receives. In April 2012, the organization released a press statement, which indicated that it was in support of the carbon tax measures initiated by the government. However, it reiterated that it would work closely with other social service providers to defend the ability of charity providers in caring for the needy. The organization said it would work closely with the government on the carbon tax implementation.